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Abstract
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) is an immune-mediated lung disease triggered by repeated exposure to environmental antigens. It can lead to significant lung damage if untreated. This case report describes a 20-year-old Nigerian woman with HP caused by household allergen exposure. The patient presented with an 8-month history of persistent cough and progressively worsening dyspnea. Despite trials for asthma, symptoms persisted. She had a history of caring for poultry at home, which was a potential environmental trigger. Physical examination revealed respiratory distress and bilateral fine crackles. High-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) showed suggestive features, while echocardiography revealed elevated pulmonary pressures. The diagnosis of HP, likely triggered by household allergen (poultry, biomass) exposure, was entertained. Corticosteroids were initiated, and the patient was advised to avoid poultry, resulting in significant improvement. This case highlights the importance of considering HP in young adults with unexplained respiratory symptoms and relevant environmental exposures. Bird fancier’s lung, a subtype of HP, is often triggered by bird proteins. HRCT, inflammatory markers, and detailed exposure history are key to diagnosis. Early treatment with corticosteroids and antigen avoidance can significantly improve symptoms and prevent long-term lung damage. HP should be considered in patients with unexplained respiratory symptoms and relevant exposures. Early diagnosis and intervention, including corticosteroids and antigen avoidance, are essential to prevent irreversible lung damage. Further research into advanced therapies for refractory cases is needed.