The Journal – AJOH E-ISSN: 3115-4077, PRINT ISSN: The African Journal of One Health (AJOH) is a peer-reviewed, bi-annual, open-access journal published by the One Health Institute (OHI), Usmanu Danfodiyo University (UDU), Sokoto, Nigeria. AJOH provides a platform for the dissemination of interdisciplinary research and policy-relevant studies addressing the interconnection between human, animal, and environmental health across Africa and globally. We welcome original manuscripts based on theoretical, empirical, or mixed-methods approaches that inform One Health practice, education, and policy. Articles submitted to AJOH are expected to foster collaboration among researchers, professionals, and policymakers in the fields of medicine, veterinary sciences, public health, agriculture, environmental sciences, social sciences, and other related disciplines. Scope of the Journal - Emerging and re-emerging zoonoses - Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) - One Health policy and governance - Food safety and biosecurity - Climate change and health - Environmental health and pollution - Pandemic preparedness and response - Integrated surveillance systems - Community engagement in One Health - Health education and communication - Ecohealth, planetary health, and wildlife conservation - One Health workforce and capacity development
A CASE OF HYPERSENSITIVITY PNEUMONITIS IN A YOUNG LADY FROM HOUSE-HOLD EXPOSURE
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) is an immune-mediated lung disease triggered by repeated exposure to environmental antigens. It can lead to significant lung damage if untreated. This case report describes a 20-year-old Nigerian woman with HP caused by household allergen exposure. The patient presented with an 8-month history of persistent cough and progressively worsening dyspnea. Despite trials for asthma, symptoms persisted. She had a history of caring for poultry at home, which was a potential environmental trigger. Physical examination revealed respiratory distress and bilateral fine crackles. High-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) showed suggestive features, while echocardiography revealed elevated pulmonary pressures. The diagnosis of HP, likely triggered by household allergen (poultry, biomass) exposure, was entertained. Corticosteroids were initiated, and the patient was advised to avoid poultry, resulting in significant improvement. This case highlights the importance of considering HP in young adults with unexplained respiratory symptoms and relevant environmental exposures. Bird fancier’s lung, a subtype of HP, is often triggered by bird proteins. HRCT, inflammatory markers, and detailed exposure history are key to diagnosis. Early treatment with corticosteroids and antigen avoidance can significantly improve symptoms and prevent long-term lung damage. HP should be considered in patients with unexplained respiratory symptoms and relevant exposures. Early diagnosis and intervention, including corticosteroids and antigen avoidance, are essential to prevent irreversible lung damage. Further research into advanced therapies for refractory cases is needed.
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A ONE HEALTH APPROACH TO SNAKEBITE: UNLOCKING THE ANTIVENOM POTENTIALS OF INDIGOFERA HIRSUTA AERIAL PARTS THROUGH PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF ITS CHLOROFORM FRACTION AGAINST NAJA NIGRICOLLIS
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; letter-spacing: -.2pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Phytoconstituents have been reported to have protective activity against snake venom. This research work is aimed at identifying the components using two spectroscopic techniques Fourier Transform- Infrared (FTIR) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GCMS) and scientifically test their antivenin potential via in vivo model. Preliminary phytochemical screening conducted on chloroform fraction obtained through liquid-liquid partition of crude methanol extract revealed the presence of secondary metabolites including alkaloids, steroids, terpenes and phenols. FTIR spectrum of the column fraction (E) showed sharp absorption band at 29.22.2 cm-1 characterized by C-H stretching, weak diagnostic peak at 2853.3cm-1 for methoxy group and appearance of peak at 1459.3cm-1 due to C-C stretching for aromatic molecule. GCMS analysis identified various components at different retention time including hispidulin triacetate (22.302min) as the major components while other constituents detected include squalene (23.401min), fumaric acid (20.00min) heptafluro butyric acid (12.0314min) and linoelainic acid (14.177min). Chloroform fraction (at 125, 250 and 500mg/kg) was able to protect mice lethality induced by Najo nigricollis venom in dose dependent manner (40, 40 and 60% respectively) while pooled fraction (E) offered 100% protection only 15mg/kg. The observed biological activity might be attributed to the identified phytoconstituents. Therefore, further work on isolation of pure compound needs to be done to ascertain the component(s) responsible for this activity
CHALLENGES IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF ALLERGIC BRONCHOPULMONARY ASPERGILLOSIS: A CASE REPORT
Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis (ABPA) is a complex condition that often presents challenges in diagnosis in patients with a history of asthma. We present a young female with a one-month history of cough and shortness of breath, initially suspected to be an asthma exacerbation. Despite treatment with low-dose corticosteroids and antibiotics, her symptoms persisted, prompting further investigation. Sputum cultures were negative, and a GeneXpert test ruled out Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Lung function tests indicated reduced airflow, while a computed tomography scan revealed hyperattenuating areas in the right middle lobe and anterior left upper lobe, dilated bronchi, and a thick-walled cavity in the right lower lobe. The diagnosis of ABPA was complicated by overlapping symptoms with asthma, the absence of definitive serological markers, and the potential impact of previous treatments on inflammatory responses. This case illustrates the need for a comprehensive evaluation and highlights the importance of recognizing the diagnostic criteria for ABPA. A multidisciplinary approach is essential for timely and accurate diagnosis of ABPA in patients with asthma, ensuring appropriate management and improved patient outcomes
EFFECT OF SUPPLEMENTAL OXYGEN ON SURGICAL SITE INFECTION AND POST-DISCHARGE RECOVERY IN CHILDREN WITH TYPHOID INTESTINAL PERFORATION: A ONE HEALTH PERSPECTIVE ON A RANDOMIZED TRIAL
Surgical site infection is the commonest hospital acquired infection in surgical patient globally. Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common complications occurring in 49–59% of patients with typhoid intestinal perforation. In recent years, there has been increased interest in the potential clinical benefits of supplemental perioperative oxygen administration in reducing SSI. This study aimed to determine the effect of administering 80% supplemental oxygen in reducing SSI when compared with traditional inspired oxygen concentrations (30% oxygen) in paediatric surgical patients following laparotomy for typhoid intestinal perforation (TIP).This was a prospective, randomized controlled, hospital based study involving 49 paediatric surgical patients, 15 years and below, admitted into our paediatric surgical unit and had laparotomy on account of TIP. Patients were randomly assigned to either 80% supplemental oxygen or 30% oxygen. Supplemental oxygen was administered in the recovery room in the immediate post-operative period for 2 hours via a tight face mask connected to a reservoir. SSI was the primary outcome and was diagnosed using Center for Disease Control (CDC) and prevention criteria. Data collected were entered into a proforma and were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20 (p < 0.05).Their ages ranged between 4 years and 15 years, mean age was 9.8±3.4 years. Overall nineteen patients (45.2%) were diagnosed with SSI. Eleven patients (52.4%) had SSI in control group compared to 8(38.1%) in study group, (p= 0.352). Other post-operative complications such as wound dehiscence, faecal fistula and prolonged ileus were also comparable between the two groups.Overall, increasing concentration of oxygen to 80% does not significantly affect SSI and other morbidities such pneumonia, prolonged ileus and reoperation when compared to traditional 30%.
EFFECTS OF THIRTY DAYS ENVIRONMENTAL SUNLIGHT EXPOSURE ON THE EFFICACY OF SELECTED ANTIMICROBIALS ACROSS HUMAN, ANIMAL, AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RUNNING TITLE: SUNLIGHT EXPOSURE OF ANTIMICROBIAL REDUCE EFFICACY
Background: One Health perspective highlights the effect of sunlight on antibiotic efficacy linking human, animal and environmental health. Reduced drug potency due to sunlight exposure can lead to therapeutic failure in humans and animals promoting environmental photodegradation that influences antibiotic persistence and resistance evolution. Improper exposure of pharmaceutical, especially under high heat and sunlight, may compromise drug stability and therapeutic efficacy. In many developing regions, including Nigeria, antibiotics and antifungals are frequently sold in open markets where exposure to sunlight is common. This creates concern regarding reduced potency and the possible contribution to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in both human and animal health. Objectives: This study investigated the effect of 30-day sunlight exposure on the antimicrobial efficacy of selected antibiotics (ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, and amoxicillin) and antifungals (fluconazole and griseofulvin) across human, animal and environmental health Methods: Drugs (Samples) were exposed to direct sunlight at the peak of dry season in Nigeria (January-February), while control groups were stored in a fridge and room temperature (standard antimicrobial storage). Their efficacy was assessed using agar well and disc diffusion methods against Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp., Candida spp., and Aspergillus fumigatus. Zones of inhibition were measured and interpreted using CLSI standards where available. Results: Results showed a notable reduction in efficacy of sunlight-exposed drugs, particularly tetracycline and griseofulvin. Room temperature samples retained the highest antimicrobial activity compared to refrigerated and those exposed to sunlight. Conclusion: Findings affirm that environmental exposure, especially to sunlight significantly reduce drug effectiveness, posing risks for treatment failure and resistance development in both human and animals. Addressing these challenges requires integrated strategies grounded in the One Health framework, emphasizing proper antibiotic stewardship, environmental protection, and public awareness to proper storage of drugs.
DELAYED DIAGNOSIS OF POST-TRAUMATIC INTRACRANIAL HAEMATOMA; A CASE REPORT, LITERATURE REVIEW AND HEALTH EDUCATION AWARENESS
Post-traumatic intracranial hematoma (PTIH) is simply defined as bleeding in the brain due to head injury. The diagnosis of PTIH in our environment is often delayed or missed due to several factors arising from the patients, their relatives, decisions of healthcare providers and/or that of the National and States health policy makers. In this paper we report a typical case of missed PTIH with fatal outcome due to multiple factors, and also discuss other similar documents from the literature. High levels of financial constraints coupled with low levels of health education awareness among citizens are some of the identified contributory patient-based factors, which could be minimized by regular community health education and communication programs. For healthcare workers, continued educational programs could help reduce diagnostic mistakes and improve clinical assessment skills as well as management protocols. On the other hand, sincere commitment of our health policy makers at all levels could ensure the availability of effective public self-empowerment schemes as well as affordable diagnostic and therapeutic neurosurgical healthcare facilities through inclusive health insurance schemes. The adoption of these multi-faceted initiatives collectively can improve our citizens’ health-seeking behaviour, reduce delayed recognition and misdiagnosis, increase timely intervention and foster favourable neurological outcomes of patients that sustain PTIHs in our environment.
ONE HEALTH EVALUATION OF ANTIMICROBIAL RESIDUES AND RESISTANCE IN ANIMAL-SOURCE FOODS AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS ON NUTRITIONAL STATUS IN SOKOTO STATE, NIGERIA
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major global public health challenge closely linked to antimicrobial use in food-producing animals. In Sokoto State, Nigeria, animal-source foods (ASFs) are essential for nutrition but may also serve as vehicles for antimicrobial residues and resistant organisms, with potential implications for food safety and nutritional well-being. This systematic review synthesized published and grey literature to identify, appraise, and summarize evidence on antimicrobial residues and resistant bacteria in ASFs in Sokoto State. Electronic databases including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, African Journals Online, and Google Scholar were searched, complemented by grey literature, for studies published between January 2000 and March 2025. Eligible studies reported antimicrobial residues or antimicrobial resistance in meat, milk, eggs, or other ASFs. Data extraction followed PRISMA 2020 guidelines, and study quality was assessed using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale and Cochrane RoB 2.0 tool. Due to substantial methodological heterogeneity, findings were synthesized narratively. Forty-five studies (38 peer-reviewed and 7 grey literature) met the inclusion criteria. Tetracyclines and β-lactams were the most frequently detected antimicrobial residues, with concentrations often exceeding Codex Alimentarius–recommended maximum residue limits. Residue prevalence ranged from 18–94% in meat and 22–89% in milk. Antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella spp. were commonly isolated, showing high resistance to tetracycline, ampicillin, and cotrimoxazole, with multidrug resistance frequently reported. Overall, the findings indicate widespread antimicrobial contamination and resistance in ASFs in Sokoto State, underscoring the need for strengthened surveillance, regulatory oversight, and antimicrobial stewardship within a One Health framework
FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH VITAMIN A DEFICIENCY AMONG UNDER‑FIVE CHILDREN IN URBAN AND RURAL COMMUNITIES OF NORTH-WESTERN NIGERIA.
Vitamin A is an essential micronutrient that is important for growth, development, immunocompetence and good vision. It is one of the micronutrients deﬁciencies of greatest public health concern globally, due to its high prevalence and associated health and developmental consequences. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of Vitamin A deficiency among children under five in North-Western, Nigeria. Methods: A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted among 260 mother-child pair respondents between October 2022 and November 2022. The participants were selected by a multi-stage sampling technique. Children's serum retinol levels were determined by high‑performance liquid chromatography. Data were collected using an interviewer-administered questionnaire and a data sheet. Data were processed using IBM® SPSS version 25 and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: Prevalence of vitamin A was significantly higher in rural than in urban communities (33.8% vs 16.2%, p=0.002). In urban communities, a statistically significant association was found between vitamin A deficiency and fathers’ occupation (p < 0.001) and vitamin A supplementation (p = 0.017). However, in rural areas, there was a statistically significant association between Vitamin A deficiency and fathers’ occupation (<0.001), vitamin A supplement (p =0.017), birth order (p= 0.010) and Family size (p=0.008). Conclusion: Vitamin A deficiency was prevalent, but a significantly higher proportion of children in the rural areas had vitamin A deficiency as compared to those in the urban areas. Recommendation: Community health workers should educate parents about the importance of taking advantage of vitamin A supplementation and ensuring children eat foods from all food groups.
RADIOLOGICAL PATTERNS OF HYSTEROSALPINGOGRAPHY (HSG) AMONG WOMEN ATTENDING USMANU DANFODIYO UNIVERSITY TEACHING HOSPITAL SOKOTO NIGERIA FROM A ONE HEALTH PERSPECTIVE
Background: Hysterosalpingography (HSG) remains a primary diagnostic tool for evaluating female infertility in resource-limited settings. Objectives: This study identified common radiological findings on HSG at a Nigerian tertiary hospital and explored their correlation with patient age through a One Health lens. Materials and Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study analyzed 171 HSG reports from January 2016 to June 2018. Results: The predominant age group was 26–30 years (26.9%). Normal findings were observed in 47.95% of cases, while abnormalities were present in another 47.95%. Uterine pathologies (30.41%) were more frequent than tubal abnormalities (17.54%). Uterine adhesions (10.53%) and bilateral tubal blockage (5.85%) were the leading specific pathologies. Myomas were most prevalent in the 31–35 age group. Conclusion: High rates of acquired uterine and tubal pathologies suggest that community-level factors, including environmental stressors and zoonotic-related infections, significantly influence reproductive health outcomes in Sokoto.
EFFECTS OF WAITING TIMES ON PATIENT EXPERIENCE AND HEALTH OUTCOMES IN A NIGERIAN OUTPATIENT SETTING: IMPLICATIONS FOR ONE HEALTH SYSTEM EFFICIENCY
Prolonged outpatient waiting times represent a health system stressor that undermines One Health objectives by affecting patient well-being, healthcare delivery efficiency, and the safety of care environments. Patient satisfaction critically reflects healthcare quality, with waiting time emerging as a significant determinant. This cross-sectional study examined waiting time causes and their impact on patient satisfaction and health outcomes at General Hospital Minna's Outpatient Department, Niger State. Using validated questionnaires, 98 adult patients (response rate 81.7%) were surveyed through simple random sampling. Results revealed alarming waiting times: 87.8% of patients experienced waits exceeding expectations, with 27.6% waiting over two hours—far exceeding the recommended 30-minute standard. Patients predominantly attributed delays to excessive patient volume (M=3.85) rather than administrative inefficiencies (M=2.13), reflecting Nigeria's overburdened public healthcare system. Correlation analysis demonstrated a statistically significant negative relationship between waiting time and patient satisfaction (r=-.368, p<0.001), with regression analysis showing each waiting time unit increase decreased satisfaction scores by 1.367 units (p=0.002). Unexpectedly, longer waiting times correlated with reduced stress levels (r=-.230, p=0.022), possibly indicating patient adaptation to systemic delays or relief upon receiving care. However, waiting time did not significantly affect perceived health outcomes (p=0.621) or treatment adherence willingness (p=0.783), suggesting sustained trust in healthcare quality despite delays. The findings underscore a critical healthcare capacity crisis where demand overwhelms resources, necessitating fundamental reassessment of patient volume management and resource allocation in resource-constrained settings within a One Health framework.
GEOSPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF PFHRP2/PFHRP3 GENE DELETIONS IN KEBBI STATE: IDENTIFYING HIGH-PREVALENCE SENATORIAL DISTRICTS FOR MALARIA DIAGNOSTIC POLICY CHANGE.
The persistence of Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein 2 and 3 (pfhrp2/pfhrp3) gene deletions presents a growing challenge to malaria diagnosis using HRP2-based rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs). Evidence indicates increasing false-negative RDT results across Nigeria, potentially undermining malaria surveillance and case management. This study assessed the geospatial distribution and prevalence of pfhrp2/pfhrp3 gene deletions in Kebbi State, with. A cross-sectional molecular epidemiological survey was conducted between June 2024 and March 2025 across 12 local government areas (LGAs) representing the three senatorial districts of Kebbi State. A total of 960 blood samples were collected from confirmed malaria-positive individuals via microscopy. Samples were analyzed by PCR to detect pfhrp2 and pfhrp3 deletions. Geospatial analysis using ArcGIS 10.8 mapped the spatial distribution of deletion prevalence and identified cluster hotspots using the Getis-Ord statistic. The overall prevalence of pfhrp2 deletions was 13.5%, while pfhrp3 deletions were detected in 8.1% of isolates. Combined dual deletions were found in 4.7% of samples. Geospatial mapping revealed clustering of high-deletion prevalence in the Kebbi North senatorial district (Argungu and Arewa LGAs, pfhrp2 = 22.8%; pfhrp3 = 14.6%), moderate prevalence in Kebbi Central (Birnin Kebbi, Kalgo; pfhrp2 = 10.7%), and lowest in Kebbi South (Yauri, Zuru; pfhrp2 = 6.4%). Statistically significant hotspots (Getis= 2.31, p < 0.05) were located in the northern belt bordering Niger Republic. The spatial heterogeneity of pfhrp2/pfhrp3 deletions across Kebbi State underscores the need for region-specific diagnostic policies. HRP2-based RDTs remain largely effective in Kebbi South and Central, but alternative diagnostic methods such as pLDH-based RDTs or microscopy should be prioritized in Kebbi North.
EFFECT OF ORAL OR INTRA-ALVEOLAR DEXAMETHASONE ADMINISTRATION ON POSTOPERATIVE QUALITY OF LIFE FOLLOWING SURGICAL EXTRACTION OF IMPACTED MANDIBULAR THIRD MOLARS
Surgical removal of impacted mandibular third molars (IMTMs) is a frequently performed procedure in oral and maxillofacial surgery practice. Presently, Quality of life (QoL) assessment is now regarded as an important tool for assessing clinical care outcomes. Immediate postoperative complications following surgical removal of impacted mandibular third molar such as pain, trismus, swelling and difficulty in swallowing often impact negatively on the patients’ QoL, leading to loss of productivity and the global cumulative cost that runs into billions of dollars<!-- [if supportFields]> ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>413</RecNum><DisplayText>(&quot;Economic aspects of mandibular third molar surgery,&quot; 2010)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>413</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="wprr0zadq29xa7erfz25vrd7vr29frp0xvas" timestamp="1755177157">413</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors></contributors><titles> Economic aspects of mandibular third molar surgery <secondary-title>British Dental Journal</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Br Dent J</full-title><abbr-1>British dental journal</abbr-1></periodical><pages>211-211</pages><volume>208</volume><number>5</number><dates><year>2010</year><pub-dates><date>2010/03/01</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1476-5373</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bdj.2010.228</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1038/sj.bdj.2010.228</electronic-resource-num></record></EndNote><![endif]-->("Economic aspects of mandibular third molar surgery," 2010)<!-- [if supportFields]><![endif]-->. The objective of this study was to compare the effect of oral or topical dexamethasone on quality of life following surgical removal of impacted mandibular third molars. Ethical approval was obtained and patients 18 years and above who required surgical removal of the impacted mandibular third molar were randomly allocated into 3 groups. Group 1 received oral dexamethasone 30 minutes before surgery and then 8 hourly for 24 hours and Group 2 received intra-alveolar dexamethasone 4mg respectively, both groups also received postoperative antibiotics and analgesics. Patients in group 3 received no dexamethasone but were only given post-operative antibiotics and analgesics. All patients had preoperative evaluation of their QoL using OHIP-14 questionnaires. Data obtained was analyzed using SPSS version 25. One hundred and eighty-six patients, 71(38.2%) males and 115(61.8%) females with Mean±SD of 30.1±6.9 completed the postoperative review. The mean QoL was worst (higher scores) among the groups on postoperative day 1. Group 2 patients had the best overall QoL score on POD 7 as compared with groups 1 and 3, with statistical significance (p=0.0001). The present study shows that intra-alveolar application of dexamethasone following the surgical removal of IMTMs showed the least deterioration in the patients’ quality of life in the immediate postoperative period and particularly POD 1 and POD
PATTERN AND TREATMENT INTENT OF CANCER PATIENTS SEEN AT RADIOTHERAPY UNIT, USMANU DANFODIYO UNIVERSITY TEACHING HOSPITAL (UDUTH).
Cancer, one of the world’s leading health threats, In 2022, it was responsible for approximately 20 million new cases and close to 10 million cancer-related deaths globally. It stands as one of humanity’s most devastating burdens, driving both immense suffering and an urgent call for action worldwide. The aim of this study is to assess the pattern and treatment intent of cancer patient seen at Radiotherapy Unit UDUTH This study was conducted in the Radiotherapy Unit of Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital (UDUTH), Sokoto, Nigeria. It employed a retrospective study design, where the records of patient seen at radiotherapy unit from June, 2024 to May, 2025 was reviewed n= 439, using a data capture sheet and the data was analyzed using IBM SPSS version 27.0 and Microsoft excel. The mean age of the study population was 47.24 years, The highest age group found to have cancer was 50-59 and ≥ 60years . It also showed that more female are diagnosed with cancer which accounted for (n=288, 65.6%) than male (n=151, 34.4%), breast cancer accounted for marked predominance (n=117, 26.7%). Most of the patients presented at stage IV (n=138, 45.4%) and the treatment intent was mostly palliative. Conclusion: The study reveals a high cancer burden among older adults, predominantly women, largely due to breast and cervical cancers, with most cases presenting at advanced stages because of poor early detection and limited awareness
FACTORS INFLUENCING CLIENT SATISFACTION WITH ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY IN A TERTIARY HEALTH FACILITY, KEBBI STATE, NORTHWEST, NIGERIA: IMPLICATIONS FOR ONE HEALTH-ORIENTED HIV CARE
Client satisfaction is a measure of adherence to care and support, a health care outcome and a predictor of treatment utilization contributing to resilient health systems and improved population-level HIV outcomes; however, gaps have been identified in the level of client satisfaction in ART clinics across sub-Saharan Africa. This study aims to identify factors associated with client satisfaction with antiretroviral therapy. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 213 clients attending the ART clinic of the facility. Respondents were selected using a systematic sampling technique from the age-sex register. Data were collected using a validated, interviewer-administered, semi-structured questionnaire. Descriptive and inferential analyses were performed using SPSS version 27, and a p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The overall level of satisfaction with ART services among the respondents was high, 207 (97.2%). Overall, 188 (88.3%) of the respondents were satisfied with ART. Family support and disclosure were the only factors statistically significantly associated with ART treatment satisfaction (p-value 0.002 and 95% CI: 0.109 – 0.627, p-value 0.039 and 95% CI: 0.140 – 0.907), respectively. Family support and disclosure were statistically significant factors associated with satisfaction with ART treatment. ART care providers need to encourage disclosure of status to trusted individuals continually, and the government, NGOs and policymakers need to continually enlighten the populace on the need to provide support to HIV positive people to enhance their well-being and treatment success.
GEO-LOCATION AND PERIOD OF CONCEPTION OF BABIES WITH SPINA BIFIDA IN NORTHWEST NIGERIA: IMPLICATIONS FOR ONE HEALTH-ORIENTED PREVENTIVE STRATEGIES
Spina bifida is a congenital anomaly that result from failure of fusion of neural tube. Factors such as folic acid deficiency, exposure to high temperature during pregnancy and genetic abnormality were implicated in its development. Peri-conceptional folic acid use has been shown to be protective against giving birth to babies with spina bifida. Targeted folic acid supplementation to individuals with high occurrence especially at a period more prone to development of spina bifida may ensure more effective prevention of this unwanted congenital anomaly. The general objectives of this study were to identify geographical location with higher occurrence of babies with spina bifida, to determine period of conception of babies delivered with spina bifida and provide opportunity for targeted preventive strategy Retrospective review of bio-demographics, state of residence and period of conception of babies with spina bifida between January 2020 to December 2022. We recorded 100 patients with complete records over 3-year period, males constituted the majority (52%) with a male-to-female ratio of 1.1:1. Gusau, Dange-shuni and Bungudu local governments top the lists of location with most cases of spina bifida (5.2%) each. Majority of cases were residence of Sokoto state, 36.0%, followed by Zamfara, 28.0% and Kebbi 26.0%. Most pregnancies for babies with spina bifida were conceived in February (17.0%). Spina bifida occurs in male children predominantly with high occurrence in Sokoto, Zamfara and developing in the months of February, April and September.
DETERMINANTS OF INFERTILITY IN SOKOTO METROPOLIS: A ONE HEALTH PERSPECTIVE ON BIOLOGICAL, ENVIRONMENTAL, AND HEALTHCARE ACCESS FACTORS
Infertility is a major reproductive health concern with profound medical, social, and psychological implications, particularly for women in northern Nigeria, where stigma and cultural blame are common. This study investigated the biological, environmental and healthcare access, influencing infertility among women of childbearing age in Sokoto Metropolis. A cross-sectional study design was employed, and data were collected from 247 respondents using structured questionnaires. Descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, t-tests, logistic regression, and ANOVA were used to analyze the data. The findings revealed that menstrual cycle irregularity and history of infections were significant biological predictors of infertility treatment-seeking, while prolonged time trying to conceive was the only significant environmental factor. Access to fertility services and prior treatment use were significant healthcare predictors. Logistic regression confirmed balanced diet, cultural beliefs, and partner support as the most significant predictors of help-seeking behaviors. The study concludes that infertility management in Sokoto is shaped by a combination of medical, environmental, and healthcare access, playing central roles. It recommends expanding fertility services and strengthening awareness campaigns on reproductive health.
URBAN–RURAL FACTORS INFLUENCING VITAMIN A DEFICIENCY IN UNDER-FIVE CHILDREN IN NORTH-WESTERN NIGERIA: EVIDENCE FOR ONE HEALTH–INFORMED NUTRITION INTERVENTIONS
Vitamin A deficiency represents a convergence of nutritional, environmental, and health system challenges. Within a One Health framework, determinants of vitamin A deficiency among under-five children extend beyond dietary intake to include animal-source food availability, environmental sanitation, infection burden, and access to preventive health services, particularly in settings characterized by urban–rural disparities. This study examines urban-rural factors influencing VAD in under-five children. Methods: A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted among 260 mother-child pair respondents between October 2022 and November 2022. The participants were selected by a multi-stage sampling technique. Children's serum retinol levels were determined by high‑performance liquid chromatography. Data were collected using an interviewer-administered questionnaire and a data sheet. Data were processed using IBM® SPSS version 25 and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: Prevalence of vitamin A was significantly higher in rural than in urban communities (33.8% vs 16.2%, p=0.002). In urban communities, a statistically significant association was found between vitamin A deficiency and fathers’ occupation (p < 0.001) and vitamin A supplementation (p = 0.017). However, in rural areas, a statistically significant association was found between Vitamin A deficiency and fathers’ occupation (p<0.001), vitamin A supplement (p = 0.017), birth order (p = 0.010), and Family size (p = 0.008). Conclusion: Vitamin A deficiency was prevalent, but a significantly higher proportion of children in the rural areas had vitamin A deficiency as compared to those in the urban areas. Recommendation: Community health workers should educate parents about the importance of taking advantage of vitamin A supplementation and ensuring children eat foods from all food groups.
DIAGNOSTIC YIELD AND SAFETY OF PERCUTANEOUS LIVER BIOPSIES IN NORTH-WESTERN NIGERIA: CLINICAL OUTCOMES AND ONE HEALTH IMPLICATIONS
Accurate histological diagnosis of liver diseases supports the One Health framework by enabling identification of conditions influenced by infectious, environmental, and zoonotic exposures. Percutaneous liver biopsy (PLB) remains the gold standard for diagnosing and staging diverse liver diseases, particularly in regions where non-invasive diagnostic modalities are limited. Despite its widespread use, there is limited contemporary data on the diagnostic yield and safety of PLB in North-Western Nigeria. This study assessed the diagnostic performance and complication profile of PLB in a tertiary hospital over four years. A retrospective review was conducted on all adult patients who underwent PLB at Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital, Sokoto, from January 2021 to December 2024. Demographic, clinical, procedural, and histopathological data were extracted from medical and pathology records. Diagnostic yield was defined as the proportion of biopsies with a definitive histological diagnosis. Complications were categorized as minor or major. Data were analysed using SPSS version 25, with associations evaluated using chi-square tests. A total of 68 patients (mean age 35.1 ± 12.6 years; 55.9% male) underwent PLB. Chronic hepatitis was the most common indication (72.1%). Adequate tissue (≥1.5 cm) was obtained in all cases, yielding a diagnostic rate of 98.5%. Most biopsies (86.8%) were performed using the blind technique. Complications occurred in 86.8% of patients, all minor, predominantly post-procedural pain (94.9%); no major complications or mortality were recorded. Younger age was significantly associated with the occurrence of complications (p = 0.025). Percutaneous liver biopsy demonstrates excellent diagnostic yield and a favourable safety profile in this setting. It remains indispensable for liver disease evaluation in resource-limited environments.
BREAKING BARRIERS TO UNLOCK ONE HEALTH IN AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION SERVICE FOR SUSTAINABLE RURAL TRANSFORMATION
The One Health approach, which emphasizes the interdependence of human, animal, and environmental health, holds immense promise for sustainable transformation of rural areas. Agricultural extension services, as frontline conduits between science and rural communities, are uniquely positioned to operationalize One Health principles but face significant barriers such as institutional fragmentation, limited resources, capacity gaps, and social constraints. This review examines these challenges in depth, drawing on recent empirical studies and global case examples. It further proposes evidence-based strategies such as policy integration, interdisciplinary capacity building, digital innovations, and participatory community engagement approaches, and a framework that can unlock One Health’s transformative potential in agricultural extension. This integration is vital for addressing complex rural challenges, from zoonotic diseases to environmental degradation, in the end contributing to resilient and sustainable rural livelihoods.
KNOWLEDGE ATTITUDE AND PRACTICE OF PATIENT SAFETY AMONG MIDWIVES IN MATERNITY UNITS OF SPECIALIST HOSPITAL SOKOTO
Background: Patient safety in maternity care represents a critical component of the One Health approach, as it safeguards maternal and neonatal health while strengthening healthcare systems and promoting safe clinical environments. Aim: This study assessed the perceived knowledge of patient safety among midwives in the maternity units of Specialist Hospital Sokoto. Method: A cross-sectional descriptive survey was conducted among 60 staff midwives, excluding those on annual or study leave. Completed Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire from 54 responded and analyzed with descriptive statistics (means and percentages) using SPSS Version 23. Result: Findings revealed that 87.1% of participants had good knowledge of patient safety, and most demonstrated a positive attitude. Although most respondents reported fair patient safety practices (mean = 3.9), the poor level of documentation (mean = 2.6) remains a cause for concern. The majority of midwives (72.2%) reported incidences in maternity units related to unsafe midwifery practice, while 50% identified women in labour as the group most affected by patient safety incidents. Conclusion: Midwives at Specialist Hospital Sokoto generally possess good knowledge, and were positive about patient safety practices. While safety practices are observed, the quality of documentation remains inadequate and needs improvement. The study recommends regular training (at least annually) to strengthen midwives’ competencies. Hospital management should also provide the necessary resources and support to ensure safe and high-quality maternity care.
A 5-YEAR RETROSPECTIVE REVIEW OF OPERATED CASES OF CONGENITAL ENCEPHALOCELE IN THE REGIONAL CENTRE FOR NEUROSURGERY, SOKOTO
A retrospective five-year study conducted at a teaching hospital in Sokoto between 2017 and 2022 reviewed 30 cases of Encephalocoele repairs, revealing a female predominance (7:3) and a mean presentation age of approximately 1.4 months. The majority of lesions were located in the occipital region (70%), with 40% of cases classified as giant encephaloceles and 50% of the total cohort developing hydrocephalus—a complication significantly associated with larger lesion sizes (p=0.008). Maternal factors highlighted a lack of prenatal care in 53.3% of cases and high parity (Para 6+) in 43% of mothers, while clinical outcomes showed that half of the patients were successfully monitored for a year with good results, despite a 10% mortality rate and a 40% lossto follow-up.
HEALTH IMPLICATIONS OF ALCOHOL AND OTHER PSYCHOACTIVE SUBSTANCE USE PREVALENCE AMONG SECONDARY SCHOOL ADOLESCENTS IN SOKOTO METROPOLIS
BACKGROUND: PSU is both a chronic clinical condition and a complex social phenomenon, often following a lifelong course if not adequately addressed, with initiation commonly occurring during early adolescence. PSU reflects the dynamic interaction between human vulnerability, social environments, and broader ecological and policy contexts, making it a multisectoral concern rather than a purely individual health issue. Age plays a critical role in the distribution and patterns of psychoactive substance use, with distinct trajectories observed across different substances. Against this backdrop, the present study focused on the Health Implications of Alcohol and Other Psychoactive Substance Use Prevalence Among Secondary School Adolescents in Sokoto Metropolis. METHODS: Two hundred and thirty-three respondents were recruited through multi-stages sampling technique. Data were collected using an adapted socio-demographic questionnaire and MINI International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I. KID Version 5) were used via the online Open Data Kit (ODK). The collated data was analyzed using SPSS 25 (Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 25). RESULTS: None of the respondents reported past year use of alcohol, while 21.9 percent use other psychoactive substances in the past year. The prevalence of dependence use disorder of psychoactive substances was three per cent, while abuse was four per cent. CONCLUSION: The findings of this study suggested that there is high past-year prevalence of non-alcohol substance use, very low percentage of substance abuse and substance dependence respectively. Alcohol use, abuse, and dependence were notably absent among all respondents.
BRIDGING THE GAP: THE CRITICAL ROLE OF TRANSLATION IN ONE-HEALTH PROGRAMS
One-Health programs aim to integrate human, animal, and environmental health to address complex global health challenges. However, language and cultural barriers pose significant challenges to effective communication and cooperation. This paper explores the role of translation in bridging cultural divides and building a stronger future for One-Health programs. We examine the challenges and opportunities of translation in facilitating One-Health programs. Our analysis highlights the importance of translation, and best practices for translation in One-Health. We conclude that translation is a critical component of One-Health, enabling effective communication, building trust and foster cooperation.